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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proactive learning</span></span>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Proactive learning</b><sup id="cite_ref-donmez08_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donmez08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a generalization of <a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">active learning</a> designed to relax unrealistic assumptions and thereby reach practical applications.
</p><p>"In real life, it is possible and more general to have multiple sources of information with differing reliabilities or areas of expertise. Active learning also assumes that the single oracle is perfect, always providing a correct answer when requested. In reality, though, an "oracle" (if we generalize the term to mean any source of expert information) may be incorrect (fallible)
with a probability that should be a function of the difficulty of the question. Moreover, an oracle may be reluctant – it may refuse to answer if it is too uncertain or too busy. Finally, active learning presumes the oracle is either free or charges uniform cost in label elicitation.
Such an assumption is naive since cost is likely to be regulated by difficulty (amount of work required to formulate an answer) or other factors."<sup id="cite_ref-donmez08_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donmez08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Proactive learning relaxes all four of these assumptions, relying on a decision-theoretic approach to jointly select the optimal oracle and instance, by casting the problem as a utility <a href="Optimization_problem" title="Optimization problem">optimization problem</a> subject to a <a href="Budget_constraint" title="Budget constraint">budget constraint</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-donmez08-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-donmez08_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-donmez08_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donmez, P., Carbonell, J.G.: Proactive Learning: Cost-Sensitive <a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active Learning</a> with Multiple Imperfect Oracles, in Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Information and <a href="Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge Management</a> (CIKM '08), <a href="Napa_County%2C_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa Valley</a> 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pinard/Papers/cikm0613-donmez.pdf">https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pinard/Papers/cikm0613-donmez.pdf</a></span>
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